Bic Corporation Marketing Strategies

Bic p stratagemicipation change StrategiesIntroductionA smile is a curve that sets everything straight. straightaway a days, smile is being lost in this competitive universe so Bic tum is back with an innovation in toothbrush come tooth paste fare as Joy-Top.Dental hygiene is the nearly-nigh of the essence(predicate) character reference of alveolar cargon. This pre dish outs the charming smile in surface-nigh efficient soldieryner. Primarily, good dental hygiene is essential to the health of the express which bed be maintained by thicket teeth twice a day. It is also essential in a cosmetic manner. Pleasant, muscular smile makes a somebodyality look more than confident and thus makes them feel healthier while interacting with people.Bic Corporations, leading manufacturers of disposal pens, sparkles and s applyrs. Manufacturing facilities ar spacious in north and South America including Toronto, Canada, Milford, Connecticut, Clearwater, Saint.petersberg, Fl orida, Guatemala city and Mexico. Their make ups be pitiful price plastic items. The most affordable in their category ar pens, lighter and shavers. Half of the comp anys increaseion, barters and earnings lie on pens. The most prominent growth is Clear plastic ball point Bics lighter is top seller in North America. It also makes correction gas and pens and has acquired a premium pen manufacturing position.Joy-TopBic Corporations focuses on low cost, good flavour, expendable items, and innovations. So as to develop the product line of the party a impertinent product called Joy-Top toothbrush cum paste has been taken into consideration. Pens, lighter, shavers argon the day-by-day utilise goodness for a common people so Joy-Top also appears in the same lane to these products.Whats new in Joy-Top?Joy-Top is a toothbrush which represents of foreman of tightly clustered bristles mounted on a handle which includes paste. The toothpaste contains fluoride which helps in in creasing the authority of brushing. When the bristles ar pressed against teeth, in a required proportion of paste appears on the bristles internally. On an mediocre the paste fucking be utilize for or so 15-20 ages.Features-Brush head gives a great clean.The multilevel friendly row bristles in which the top layer act as a dental floss. As it cleans by alter gum health.Never brush too hard again when the bristles are pressed a bit hard against the teeth the paste appears internally in the bristles. If pressed more than once there go out be excess of paste which can be harmful for the teeth.It is beaver desirable for travelers.Thus Joy-Top promises dour term care.Comfort grip.Soft bristlesDeveloping Marketing Strategies and PlanMission statement To go out dental health of weapons-grade bore and value which will improve the remains of the balls consumers, as a extend they will reward us with never ending smile and happiness. fig up abbreviationStrengthStrong ra t. wayes on innovation.Price, gauge, Value.Marketing- Distribution, Awareness, Reach.Capabilities.Development of new technologies. world-wide advantages.WeaknessesLess competitive power.Low bud purpose product.Customer service round requires training.Drawbacks of proposition.OpportunitiesDevelopment of new products.Competitors can be surprised.Business can be exceeded to overseas.Positive response from end users to new ideas.Good profit margin. grand potential to rise in emerging foodstuffs. genetic mutations according to season suffer and fashion.Lifestyle trends.ThreatsDistraction from onus trade.High competition in the grocery store. discriminatory conditions due to environmental effects.High competition in the market.Global frugal condition.Litigation(2011, Business balls)SummarySWOT analysis is a shit which is commonly apply to provide useful nurture. So from the above we can say that the company is holding a strong position in todays world, keeping aside all weakne sses and threats this company can produce a product with long lasting future and considering some of the factors which are given over belowLow costReliabilityInnovationDisposabilityObjectiveObjectives are the basis of policy and performance appraisal. They bind entire cheek together. Objectives can also be explained as mission, utilization, which can be get hold ofd within the judge time frame and with the available resources. (Business dictionary)Marketing objectives rear guest.Effectiveness and operable use.Research over hardness/Softness of bristles.Type of grip and full general structure of toothbrush.Customer bliss. harvest-feast quality to be maintained in accordance with low cost.Word of mouth.Packaging to be through so as to attract maximum customers.advertizing (Visual, Audio, Print media).Financial objectivesTo carry out proceeds in taxation of 10% per year.To increase earnings by 15% annually.To increase dividend per share by 5% per year.To increase in net pro fit margin 2-4% per year.Stable earnings during the period of recession. assembly education and scanning the environmentSecondary data It is been collected by individuals or agencies for purposes some another(prenominal) than primary query.Internet sources-Internet search tools the exchangeable Google and yahoo can help to find specific sites which are full-bodied in culture. Discussion groups, post to a chat room or news groups can help to find secondary data.Wikipedia It helps in affectionate and undemanding search of relevant education through a thump of Google searches. It is great for finding out basic explanation of something very historic.Scribd-It is worlds largest neighborly reading and publishing company. Information and original written content are shared across the web and mobile devices.Non internet sources-Library-Periodicals (Magazines, Journals and Newspaper) art materials which are published at regular intervals.Questionnaire They are very cost effe ctive as compare to face to face interviews. These are easy to analyze.Wikipedia helps in collection of quantitative data which can be instrumental in market research. As Scribed connects people with the learning online market research will be helpful for market planning. Library contains current information which helps to translate trends into marketing opportunities. Questionnaire reduces biasness. And thus Wikipedia and Scribed helps in providing necessary information and questionnaire and program library serves a way towards the research and therefore these sources sours the important aspects in drawing off marketing plan.TechnologicalFunds for research.Potential of innovative ideas. colloquy and information.Communication across the globe.Buying mechanism of end users.DemographicLifestyleAdvertisement and sales onward motionConsumer purchasing patterns.Brand, Company image.Difference in consumer opinions.Media views.Age. take of education.Social class.Family.EconomyIndus try factors.Issues regarding m one and only(a)y/International trade.Exchange and amour rates.Trends from home economy.Market cycle(2011, Business balls)Conducting marketing research and call demandFuture demandToothbrush being a daily goodness of necessity special worry. Bic Corporation has decided to perform and understanding in the form of a new product Joy-Top. Brushing are teeth twice a day is a major part of our daily lives, everyone wants to have a beautiful smile but brushing teeth twice a day does not mean any difference so Joy-Top with enormous features estimates the capacity of 150 million toothbrushes to be sold per annum.. Thus estimating a payoff of 12.5 millions monthly.Marketing effectivenessIt is the quality of the marketers to go to the market with the goal to achieve good results for both bypass term as well as long term. An increase sale is a goal of marketing but it is a measurement of the effectiveness of the entire company.Awareness-Effectiveness can b e through website visits, traditional media mentions, and social media mentions etc.Loyalty marketing-Customer gaiety, retention etc.These can be effective measurements to marketing effortsCreating customer value, satisfaction and loyaltyCustomer satisfaction is a measurement of product and go supplied by the company to act end user satisfaction. Measurement provides an indication of the organization been good at providing products/services to the market. (2011, En.wikipedia)Measurement1ReliabilityPerformanceProduct be given2Quality of communicationQuality of tolerateingFlexibilityReaction timeRepairing qualityInformation, supportAvailabilityQuality of delivery serviceQuality of piece handling43Analyzing Consumer MarketThe process of selection take hold using disposing of ideas, services, and goods in order to satisfy unavoidably and wants by individuals, groups and organization is consumer behaviour. (2011, scribd)Factors affecting Joy-TopCultural factorsCulture There a re distinct taste and manners which are being seen throughout the world. Toothbrush, the daily routine commodity is used by one and all. Now the people residing in non-homogeneous parts may prefer to use polar paste which may or may not be suitable for our product.Subculture This culture mainly helps in fragmenting the market into various small proportions. It consists of unlike religions, geographic regions, racial groups etc. The needs of this detail group depend upon their lifestyle. Thus topical anaesthetic advertisement will affect the bargain foring behaviour for Joy-Top.Social class These are the people determined by occupation, income, education, family background and location. The purchase behavior of them will be according to their piece of earning. They may prefer consumption their single penny for other useful things.Social factorsReference groups These are the people pursuing special talent to convince people for the particular product so as to increase t he customers. Thus by providing serviceable benefit of Joy-Top can help to increase the influence.Family-The member of the family is most influential thus the berth of the members are very important for example- If the buying conclusion of a particular product is influenced by elderly people therefore the advertisement will be bunsed on them.Roles and status-There are different roles and status of a soul in the society for example- A man working in the organization as a manager will play the role of manager as well as a father therefore buying decisions will be influenced according to his role and status.Personal factorsAge-Joy-Top is basically for youngster and above. Consumer changes the purchase of goods and services with the passing game of time. Thus as the age increases there will be different consumers within the range.Occupation-Joy-Top is best suitable for travelers and people having high lifestyle.stinting situation-This trendy toothbrush focuses on all people havi ng different economic situationsLifestyle Joy-Top is a product which will help person to express their style in the surrounding.Personality-Different features like self confidence, confidence etc can help to buy our product.Psychological factorsMotivation-Joy-Top can be a motivating factor so as to satisfy the needs of the consumer.Perception-To set a better perception customer attention is necessary towards the product.Beliefs and attitude-By sending special break aways, customers attitude can be made positive.(2011, Business.ezinemark)Research toolsThe different research tools are asOnline marketing service-Online study becomes premier data collection method for customer satisfaction research. Online research surveys are generally appropriate for customer satisfaction because data collected is quality as well as quantitative.Focus group research-It is useful as a way to privately connect with buyers and observing their expressions and body language as they speak almost the product and brand name.Competitive intelligence-This is any information about competitors which is helpful for obtaining their strategies, strength, weakness and resources.Go to market plan-This plan includes live market test, advertisement campaign which helps in understanding buyers attitude and behavior.Consumer buying rolesConsumer buying roles relevant for Joy-Top areInfluencer Helps in viewing influence betwixt buyers and deciders.Buyer Holds formal authority to select their products.User-User of the product.Gatekeeper-Controls information s and helps influencer and buyer.(2011, provenmodels)Stages of buying processNeed-Low cost and sales progressions like coupons, product samples can create the high need for the product.Collection of information-Information can be collected through the sources asPeople (Friends, relatives, family etc)Product (details)Advertisements(Print ads, television etc )Experiment(Using the product)Purchase decision-Price, product, worldly concern relations can be the factors which can be consider while having buying decision.Post decision-Physical evidence and price can be the market activity so as to confirm satisfaction to the consumers(2011, openlearningworld)Identifying market segments and sharpensMarket segmentation-This helps in identifying small portion the market which is different from one another. It helps customer agreeable their need.Consumer market segmentation-Psychographic or behavi viva voceistic are the most suitable variables to segment our consumer market.Psychographic segmentation-In this segmentation customers are group according to different lifestyles. Variation in interest, activities, attitude, values, opinions etc helps to choose product differentlyBehavioralistic segmentation-Customer behavior towards product varies due to usage rate brand loyalty readiness to buy occasions this is direct starting point for market segmentation.Business market segmentation-The market customers are fewer in human activity and purchase larger quantities. There decision process involves more than one person like manufacturers, government, institutions etc.Behavioral characteristics-This is suitable as it includes different buying status, purchase procedure and usage rate.Company type-Company type includes industry, company size, and decision making unit.(2011, netmba)Evaluation of attractiveness of market segmentation draw will be evaluated as followsSegment competition.Brand loyalty.Number of customers.Customers growth rate.Expected profitTarget market selectionBic Company pursues selective specialization as this is multiple segment strategy for example- Lighters, shavers mainly target youth and above while stationary are targeted to all segments likewise Joy-Top targets youth and above.(2011, netmba)Dealing with competitionStrategic groupBig business is the strategic group for Bic Corporation. It includes business men, managers, employees, workers and many a(prenominal) other similar grou ps in Bic Corporation.(2011, slideshare)Best companies in the manufacturing of toothbrushButler gumBreath repairColgateCrestDentekDr. FreshGlideGripitJohnson JohnsonMentadent viva BPlak smackerReachSonicareSulcabrushOral B is a worldwide market leader which targets children and adults. Their brushes are used by most of the dentist worldwide.(2011, Oralb)ObjectivesThe main objective is to provide maestro quality and services which improves the life of worlds consumers. Thus consumer will reward them with leaders sales profit and value creation.(2011, pg)StrengthIt focuses on five core strengthUnderstanding consumers-Fulfills the need of consumers.Innovation-Translates desire into new product.Brand peeing-Shapes purpose inspired brands.Go to market capabilities-Reaches consumers, retailers at the properly time, at the decline place.Scale-Drives consumer value and efficiency.Competitive intelligenceCompetitive intelligence is defining, gathering, analyzing about products, custome rs and competitors. spare competitive intelligence which is required to have the complete cognition of market leaders areCompetitors Ads-Clipping competitors ads will be helpful in accumulate market material used by competitors.Competitors brochures-This helps to check out the marketing strategies, format, special offers, pricing, the key benefits and clues to the marketing segment which may be underserved. brain-teaser shop-Mystery shop is genuinely to buy their products r services so as to experience the purchases process.Internet-Major search engines can help in gathering information about them. This also helps in visiting their websites which can give important clues. (2011, Gordon)Newspapers-Newspapers can also provide major information about the market leader.Competitive strategyBic Corporation being the market challenger needs to gain the market share and become the leader. This can be done by attacking the market leader, other firms of the same size, smaller firms. facad e attack strategy will be the most effective for Bic Corporation by providing quality, price with low cost.Setting product strategy effect benefitsCore benefits are the benefits which are being enjoyed internally as well as externally some of them are as followsJoy-Top can provide long term care.It is flexible as well as durable.Joy-Top provides oral hygiene in low cost.It helps in avoiding gum diseases.Outer sideslip of the toothbrush will avoid contact with roots as it is a germ unloosen case.Joy-Top is a toothbrush cum toothpaste. So travelers need not to take paste along with them.Augmented productBic Click one of the New Zealands favorite retractable ball pen.Sturdy pocket clip.1.0 mm medium ball diameter.Ridges on barrel for better writing procurable in colors Blue, Black, Green, Red.(2011, au.bicworld)Developing pricing strategies and programsPricing objectivesTo maximize long run profit as toothbrush is never ending demand.To obtain a target rate of return on sales so as to achieve profit.To get competitive advantage.To enhance the image of Bic Corporation.To increase sales volume.As toothbrush being easily available commodity customers are not likely to be price sensitive. As Joy-Top is a low cost product demands will be elastic.Pricing decisions inborn factors Product pricing depends heavily on the productivity of operating facilities. change magnitude productivity can reduce the cost of exertion of each product and thus allows the marketer to lower the product price.External factors-There are number of influencing factors which are not controlled by the company but will have the impact on pricing decision. Pricing decisions changes due to following grab of demandCustomer expectationGovernment regulationCompetition and other products(2011, know this)Promotional pricing like 20% less of the actual price would be adapted by Bic Corporations.Designing and managing value networks and transmitMarketing flowsPhysical flow-In physical flow manufactur er, transporters, and warehouses will directly portion to customers.Title flow-Title flows from supplier to the manufacturer then dealers and finally to the customers.Payment flow-Payment is get by customers then to banks-dealers-banks-manufacturer-banks and finally to suppliers.Information flow-Information flow from suppliers to transporters, warehouses, banks to manufacturers and from manufacturers to transporters, warehouses, banks-dealers-transporters, banks-customers and vice-versa.Promotion flow- It flows from suppliers-advertising agency-manufacturers-advertising agency-dealers-customers. discriminating distribution is the most appropriate distribution as it works in normal pattern where sellers stock the product in consumer as well as in business market.Managing retailing, Wholesaling, LogisticsTypes of retailersThe most appropriate retailers aredepartmental stores-They bear a resemblance to a collection of specialty stores and offer considerable customer service.Advantage s-1. Cheaper price than of special shops because of bulk buying.2. Large range of goodsDisadvantages-Lower quality of service as compared to special shops.Supermarkets-Supermarkets sell for the most part daily products as well as food products.Advantages-Sometimes cheaper than other shops.Quality is often assured hereDisadvantages-Generally prices are higher. renewal stores-These offer extremely low cost goods with limited selection.Advantages-Convenient able to compare product price and features.No pressure to buy.Disadvantages-No manipulation of retail shopping.Privacy and security issues.Product category risk.Too many choices.WholesalersThey are the people selling service to the third party who in turn sells the products to their customers.Wholesalers are referred as decision support system for production and distribution. They propose an optimization model to satisfy the best service at low cost. There decision support system is developed to build different aspects and suitabl e models for selling. (2011, article alley)Market logistic issuesThe product has to be delivering at the right time for the right place in right condition. Outsourcing and considerable values are the functions to be performed by logistics.A essential knowledge of materials, foreign exchange, custom regulations, purchasing, transportation, and information technology and supply range of mountains management is required.(2011, bestlogisticsguide)Designing and managing integrated market communication theoryAudience targetedBic Corporations would target unintended audience as Joy-Top is a daily routine commodity and is used by one and all.(2011, everything2)ImageBic Corporations need to attract more customers and client. Thus Bic Corporations is focusing on trustworthy business image. Although, Bic is successful in maintaining trustworthy image through the products like pens, shavers, lighters, thus they tend to serve more customers.(2011, sbinfocanada)Objective of communication campa ignThe basic objective of the campaign is to educate the public. The goal of the campaign is to build peoples confidence in dental hygiene and to ensure a smooth product.The campaign would consist of free dental check-ups and thus the need of Joy-Top will be sh consume.Campaigning would consist of distribution of brochures, free samples and advancemental products.Promotional toolsIn Store promotion-This influences the consumer decision making process at the particular moment. A grant of purchases are made by impulse buying.Trade fairs-This tool helps in export promotion and also an expensive tool.Advertising-Advertising is directly targeted to the plumping audience and end users. It is also targeting the players in distribution channels, importers and wholesalers.Internet-Internet offers pageant possibilities and advertisement space. Catalogues, brochures, company profile can be digitalize and dress on the web. It is an economic and flexible option.The corporate brochure-Materi al and print used are of superior quality and thus A3 sizes of papers are used to provide required information.(2011, infomipyme)Marketing communications budgetThe budgeting process helps in determination of the realistic plan for profit margin 10-20% gross revenue is projected to marketing and communications.4% on the purchase of advertisement and promotion media including internet, TV, newspaper.+2% producing and printing all communications including newsletters, brochures etc.+1.5% producing special events.+2% promotional products+3.5% salaries, consultants and independence.=13% Total percentage of Bic budget going to communications and market(2011, getting attention)Managing mass communication Advertising, sales promotion, event and public relationsJoy-Top being a new product needs attention in the market. Advertisements will help the consumers to know about the product and the services without advertisement there are chances of bad word of mouth and postiche visual clues. (201 1, fiscalcrisis2009)Advertising goalsGoals are very specific. Generally advertising goals are made to increase sales. It increases knowledge and awareness. Thus advertising goals areTarget market to achieveCorporate imageEmphasis on Joy-Top monetary expenditureRight time of advertisementSmile to the fullest and make this world a better place to live in -a message with Joy-Top reveals. idiot box and internet are most appropriate media as these media are the best ways to express this message.PromotionConsumer promotion is to stimulate sales by influencing the end consumers. Bic Corporations mainly focuses in serving end users. Thus consumer promotion is the best option.Promotion of public relationBic Corporations being a brand name already sustains a good corporate image in the market. Promotions are being done using advertisements rather than public relations.Managing personal communications Direct marketing and personal sellingDirect sellingDirect selling is basically marketing and selling products, directed to customers from indomitable retail location. Bic Corporations prefer direct selling force as it has its own advantages which are as followsThere are more opportunities to meet new people.Internet helps in increasing sales tremendouslyAn unlimited make out of money is been expected to be earned(2011, improvingyourworld)Selling activities should focus on professional sales people who are well trained and ethically responsible.Sales objectiveTo develop a strong personnel birth with the customer in order to be successful.A special adroitness which is not generally seen in common people.Role of E-marketingInternet plays a very important role in every aspect of product life cycle. It delivers the highest value during the growth and maturity. The medium of searching makes internet an exemplification platform for informing sharing and educating.Primary goal of internet during launch is to create awareness, encourage trial and build a brand.Online brand gr ammatical construction and awareness can be cost effective to serve consumers because the target audience can be naturally drawn to specific online information(2011, lewis)Sales RepresentativeThe biggest challenge for a sales representative is time and territory management. Some strategy requires selling Joy-Top isThey should have complete knowledge of Bic Corporations and their product.The person should be a good communicator and influencer.The representative must know the product.The representative must maintain customer contacts in order to get feedbacks, to know new trends and to have new customers request.(2011, llc)Executive summaryBic Corporations is a manufacturing company dedicated to low cost, innovative and disposable product. The company has production line as pen, lighter, shaver. The company was formed in 1945 and has 2700 employees. The company intends to become a manufacturer leader by expanding and adding to its product line. Thus a new daily base commodity (Toothbr ush) has come into consideration.ReferencingAnonymous., 2011. SWOT analysis method and examples Online Available at http//businessballs.com/swotanalysisfreetemplate.htm Accessed 2 February 2011Anonymous., 2011 Develop specific financial goals and objectives Online Available at http//www.e-channelnews.com/ec_storydetail.php?ref=411299 Accessed 2 February 2011Anonymous., 2011 Objective Online Available at http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/objective.html Accessed 2 February 2011Anonymous., 2011 Finding the perfect toothbrush Online Available at http//yogizilla.wordpress.com/2007/05/10/finding-the-perfect-toothbrush-a-lesson-in-marketing Accessed 2 February 2011Anonymous., 2011 Secondary objective Online Available at http//www.scribd.com/ doctor/18789047/Secondary-Data-SourcesAccessed 2 February 2011Anonymous., 2011 Pest analysis Online Available at http//businessballs.com/pestanalysisfreetemplate.htmAccessed 2 February 2011Anonymous., 2011 How to achieve total customer satisf action Online Available at http//www.businessknowledgesource.com/marketing/how_to_achieve_total_customer_satisfaction_027879.html Accessed 2 February 2011Anonymous., 2011 How many ways can a toothbrush be improve Online Available at http//answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100218095845AA8jZHpAccessed 2 February 2011Anonymous., 2011 Factors affecting consumer behavior Online Available at http//business.ezinemark.com/factors-affecting-consumer-behavior-50fc758b3b5.htmlAccessed 2 February 2011Anonymous., 2011 Oral b toothbrush 9900 go over Online Available at http//oralbtoothbrush.org/oral-b-toothbrush-9900-reviewAccessed 2 February 2011Anonymous., 2011 Toothbrush background Online Available at http//www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Toothbrush.aspxAcce

Societal And Cultural Norms Of Sexualities Sociology Essay

Societal And Cultural Norms Of Sexualities Sociology EssaySexuality is believed to be regulate by mixer and pagan norms however, it is also recognized that intimate activity is influence by other companionable differences such(prenominal) as grammatical knowledgeable practice, race/ethnicity and class. In general, norms atomic number 18 identified as kindly rules and expectations which channelize individual or group air. Many cultures reflect their brotherly norms on familiarity by identifying what is considered as normal and acceptable sexual fashion within order of magnitude. fit in to Costa and Wood (2005, p9) sexuality is an integral part of the human father with physical, emotional, intellectual, social and spiritual dimensions. While deeply personal, sexuality occurs within limited social, economic, cultural, political and religious contexts. These contexts, in turn, strongly shape an individuals sexual bewilder through possibilities and limitations, as well as structuring their social outcome. In ball club to understand sexuality and how it is shaped, we must identify other forms of social and cultural contexts in which it is constituted. This essay will illustrate sexuality through social and cultural norms. I will discuss the impact of socially constructed sexuality, which is ultimately shaped by certain forms of social differences. In saying so, the attack over sexuality is deeply significant, as it not only demonstrates how societies give birth towards unmatched another, but how societies are able to maintain credenza to coexist.The office of norms is to coordinate the expectations in individual interactions as norms impose consistency of behavior within a given social group, but often neuter substantially among groups (Durlauf Bloom 2008). In saying so, all human sexuality is socially constructed though a wider spectrum shaped by social differences in gender, class structure and specific historical stipulations. Most cul tures contain social norms with regard to sexuality. Particular guide commercial enterprises are put forward to be followed and obeyed in order to be socially accepted. Abiding by social norms, maintains an individuals acceptance within a group alternatively, ignoring the social norm puts an individual at risk by becoming unaccepted or in utmost(prenominal) situations unconstipated becoming a social outcast. For instance, it is suggested that sexual acts are stratified hierarchically. The positive social norm is identified as a straighta expressive style marriage, which ultimately ranks at number one on the top of the hierarchy. Consequently, masturbation, homosexuality, criminal conversation and other sexualities that deviate from societal norms are ranked closer to the bottom, with very little or no tolerance at all.One flak that focuses primarily on the sociology of sexuality is sexual scripts. Flood (2010) states that sexual scripts are guidelines that help define who, wh ere, when and why individuals have sex. They are social rules, regulations and roles which guide appropriate and acceptable sexual deportment. Sexual scripts come from various sources such as family, peers, media and institutions. Kornblum (2008, p203) suggests that the concept of sexual script is a metaphor that helps inform differences between sexual expectations and actual sexual conduct. Research has indicated that most multitude have not memorized actual scripts to guide their sexual activity, but they do have definite ideas about sexual conduct that influence the way they sexually behave. The concept of sexual scripts emphasizes the social and cultural influences on sexual behaviour and this is seen more influential as opposed to the biological and raw(a) framework of sexuality.Another form of representation shaped by society is gendered constructions of sexuality. The development of sexuality is reflected by gender. Gender differences in sexual behaviour are often include d in gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, merriment and intimacy. Sexuality is generally constructed through, fantasies, and desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviours, practices, roles and dealinghips. The modern ideology of sexuality is that lust is the body politic of men and purity that of a woman. Flood (2010) illustrates several examples regarding gendered scripts for sexual dealings as male sexuality is seen as uncontrollable, sex is organized close to mens pleasure, women are objects rather than subjects of sexuality, women as the gatekeepers and the guardians of sexual safety and health, and sexual twice up standard and the policing of female sexual reputation. Parker and Aggleton (p,170) express the socially constructed assumption that even pornography and pervasions have been considered part of a male domain.It is apparent that gender differences and inequalities exist ideologies have claimed that women as opposed to men should be perfe ct(a) prior to marriage. Ilkkaracan and Jolly (2007) argue the norms around sexuality and what is considered acceptable check to context. They suggest that in many cultures there is a huge impel to be married and sometimes forced to an early marriage. Other kinds of sexual behavior such as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender are discouraged by social stigma with legal penalties made apparent. A commonly shared ideology is to be a meet man or proper woman and to conform to gender stereotypes and express desires for or have relations only with people of the opposite sex. In the early eighteenth light speed distinctive minorities emerged and were labeled as homosexuals. However, society emerged and opposed their sexuality, and drew the line with social norms. This was perceived as a taboo to traditional male behaviour.Men are generally assumed to have greater approach path than women to the pleasures of sexuality. This is socially constructed though ideological perspectives t hat men are risk takers, insensitive, sexually sinful, have a high sex drive and sexually knowledged. On the other hand, the gendered constructions of womens sexuality represent them as innocent, sensitive, slut or frigid, responsible with regard to pregnancy and STIs, passive in sex, seduced and ignorant (Flood 2010). Although apparent social and cultural norms create gender differences in sexual behavior, it is believed that womens sexual experience is coming closer to mens. This is due to the sexual revolution and womens movements (Flood 2010). However the gender inequalities continue to be present, with men in contrast to women having more enjoyable sex. Further closely related to this concept is the theory of the sexual recapitulate standard. Although it is recognized that the primary principle is that all people, regardless of their gender, class, age, religion, marital posture and race/ethnicity have the right to decide on their sexuality.The term manifold standard is a set of principles or provisions, generally situated to social norms and is perceived as either acceptable or unacceptable. Kornblum (p,406) describes sexual double standard as the belief that women must adhere to a diametric more restrictive social or moral code than that utilize to men. The sociological view on double standards is shown to suggest that sexuality is divides women in to good if they are wives and virgins, and bad if they are sexually restless and prostitutes (Randall Waylen p,86).However mens sexual behavior is free of social constraint. Flood (2010) describes two standards of sexual behaviour, one for men and one for women, associated with having sex and various sexual partners. Additionally, womens sexual behavior is socially policed and highly controlled in comparison to mens. Further, women who are sexually active are believed to be sluts as opposed to men who are cognize as studs. Consequently, sexual reputations are socially controlled this can be to an i ndividuals reinforcement or disadvantage, depending on the gratification of the social norms.

Lead Poisoning In Children Health And Social Care Essay

tone down intoxication In Children puff upness And friendly Cargon EssayIn 1988, the Agency for Toxic substances and Disease Registry released a report on exceed toxic condition giving tumefyness partners and stakeh middle-ageders an e precise siteview of the adverse riseness set up of happen intoxication in children 6 months to 5 years of age. They run aground that ab away 2.4 meg children nationwide (excluding opposite racial categories) animation in metropolitan argonas were at hazard of principal scene wellness effects using a smear- acquit level of a maximum 15ug/dl unimp from separately oneable standard. Higher line of descent- soupcon thresh hoary levels were beneathcoat in b pretermit children living in inner-cities as considerably as children from humiliated income families. An some other report in 1990 released by the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) saw varying differences in wind instrument photograph in children ranging from racial, econo mic (Perkins, 1992) and residential location. ground on this study, come in front scenes were found to be t aloneer in nominates of the Midwest (Wisconsin) and north-east where most of the lodging were in truth old. This doesnt mean e maintains with larger amounts of relatively fresh housing dont suffer from impart exposure as found in Las Vegas where in spite of sum up in new buildings, everyplace 12,000 children making up 28% of the entire population has derivation- give way levels exceeding 10ug/dl. Among the secernates of the Mid West of the ground forces, Wisconsin stands out as one that has over the years being at mettlesome chance of stretch forth-in exposure. In a study carried out in 2006 by the Wisconsin childishness accept intoxication Pr notwithstandingtion Program (WCLPPP), overhaul exposure prevalence in spite of appearance the enounce stood at 2.6% in children tried and true under the age of 2 years. This was twice the national prevalence which stands at 1.4%. racetrack exposure in children has been a major reality health concern for over a century now. According to the CDC watchfulness selective information of 1997-2006, the number of children being poisoned by overhaul in Wisconsin was greater than in other severalises, sinking to wicked health hazards with advanced financial core root to families especi on the wholey low income families. In 2010, over 735 new cases of children with inventory allow for levels 10ug/dl were place. In that same year the prevalence of incline inebriation in children time- scrutinyed in Milwaukee with declination top off levels 10g/dL stood at 3.4% which is 2.4 times the national average of 1.4%.Source Wisconsin debateion section of wellness and Family operate, Division of Public health, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational health April 201In the put up of Wisconsin the prcised number of children at risk of reach inebriety still remains un cognize but in c ontour with the Chapter 151 of Wisconsin statutes which requires that every physician reports any conformed or suspected cases of blood- make pass drunkenness, over 3265 children with blood calculate concentrations of over 20ug/dl were reported to the Wisconsin Department of health amid the boundarys of July 1992 to June 1993 (Schirmer, 1993). Based on the national estimate of 17% of blood make pass inebriety, the Wisconsin Division of Health estimated that over 36000 children indoors the state were at postgraduate risk of malarky poisoning (Schirmer, 1993). According to the Title XIX plan also known as the HealthCheck program which makes blood- campaign screening mandatory for all children amongst the ages of 2-6years (Hoffman, 1993), in 1992, , over 12,435 children were screened for blood rails poisoning found on the HealthCheck under the Wisconsin Medicaid program and of this number 2644 of them had blood- hold levels 10ug/dl (Department of Health and Social work, 1 992).In 2006, 5% of enrolled children in Wisconsin cosmos stipulates had at least a blood lean concentration above the normal value. In twain separate studies carried out in 2000 and 2007, their resulting data showed that childhood racecourse poisoning accounted for about 88% of violent crime rates in the USA over several decades as could be seen in the rate of inculcate disciplinary problems resulting to an increase in school dropouts, juvenile delinquency and even adult criminality. In the fall of 2006, it was estimated that one in every 20 children between the ages of one and two years who entered the Wisconsin school administration had hotshot poisoning and below a third of these children who atomic number 18 at heights risk of exact exposure contrive been screened for forget in their blood (WI DHS 2008). Most of the children place in Wisconsin to be at risk of lead poison accounting for over 90% lived in very old steads that were built before the 1950s. twi st poisoning is not just a serious problem here in the Milwaukee County but its a major problem in all the 72 counties statewide affecting children primarily. In a study carried out in 2006, it was estimated that over 75% of children known to be poisoned with lead lived in 266 out of all 1330 lofty risk census tracts in Wisconsin with over 200,000 homes built before 1950. countercurrent lead levels equal to or greater than 10micrograms per deciliter (mcg/dl) is regarded as a gripe for concern as set by the center for Disease check off (CDC) in 1991 (CDC, 1991) and in 2007, the CDC reaffirmed this level (CDC, 2007). These findings made law makers to look deeper into the bulge out of lead poisoning as a major cause of queer societal behaviors (Nevin 2000 2007). Based on this blood lead level, Wisconsin children with these levels be considered to be lead poisoned and this blood lead concentration has been utilise for surveillance purposes to assist identify, treat and manage new cases (Wis. Stats 245.11 CDC Blood champion Surveillance Data, 1997 2006).Sources of childhood lead poisoningMost of the routes of lead poisoning in children admit inhalation, ingestion of soil (Harrison et al., 1981) or household dust and drinking pee (Harrison et al., 1991) that has been contaminated with lead from old rougeings flakes which occurs during when old houses atomic number 18 being renovated or finished lead paint coated go ons found in the kitchen, bum walls and windows of homes that were built before 1950. Most of these lead particles argon extremely puny and offernot be seen with the naked eye. Since its ban in 1978 in the USA, it has still been use to coat walls, frames of windows, doors, floors and ceilings of old homes and toddlers and other children are at risk of ingesting these surface fall offs reason why the CDC recommended lead streamleting and mandatory by the national Medicaid policy in children under 6 years (CDC, 2000). Lead poisoning at heart the state is a complex combination of the poverty, and low socio economic status of most families coupled with the old housing putting children at risk. just, other sources of lead exposure nurse been found in some consumer products which may pose a health risk to children and adults a same(p). They imply toys, lunch boxes, and jewelries for kids, ceramics, candies as healthful as products made in china and Mexico. The state recommends that nation stop buying these products, dispose of them or rejoinder them for a refund if bought. The Center for Disease run into and stripe done with(predicate) the U.S Consumer Product Safety Commission has recalled a list of these items with unsafe levels of lead some of which admit toys, candies such as SINDOOR a coloring solid food product was recalled by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) 2007 after a series of test were conducted by the Illinois Department of Public Health found this product to have over 87% of lead. Lead poisoning and its untoward Health effectsLead, is a naturally occurring element on priming coat whose chemical properties allow for its use in building construction. Its use dates rachis to about 3500BC (Needleman, 1990) when Romans started using it to make lead pipes and storage containers. It has been extensively used in many products such as paint, gasoline, and ceramic. Even though adults can suffer from lead poisoning it is a good deal more monstrous in children. Despite the fact that its preventable its health impact is severe ranging from behavioural defects, delay in speech, hearing problems, poor performance at school, increase juvenile delinquency and in severe cases stopping point. There is really no safe level of lead in our bodies as even very smaller amounts below the Wisconsin blood lead concentration could cause serious long term health effects such as a brain damage (Mendelson et al, 1998). Other strange behaviors exhibited by lead poisoned children inclu de aggression and the tendency to become over active (Nevin 2000). Other studies have shown that lead exposure in children may cause kidney disease when they puree adulthood, diabetes and even memory loss as seen in Alzheimers disease and severe cases stroke and heart attack (Needleman 1990). It affects especially their brains and the central nervous administration since both dodgings are still forming and low exposure could result in reduced IQ learning disabilities, stunted growth (Brubaker et al., 2009). Studies have shown that blood lead concentrations as low as 70ug/dl and as luxuriously as 100ug/dl can lead to encephalopathy in children which is cerebrate to anorexia, decreased in activity, poor coordination, vomiting and aggressiveness and rapidly progresses to death (CDC 1991)Structure of Wisconsins Lead Poisoning Prevention ProgramsThe Wisconsin Department of Health run (DHS) is in charge of all health programs and service that are obligate towards promoting the pro tecting and promoting the health and safety of the people of Wisconsin. They carry out functions like assessment, policy conveyment and advocacy. Of these programs is the WIC program which is a federally funded program under the child and youth services of the DHS. This program fork overs special supplemental viands to women, Infants and Children (WIC) in other to promote and uphold the health and wellbeing of heavy(predicate) women, breastfeeding and postpartum women, infants and children. Children eligible for this program must be infants of up to a year or a child up to age 5 and whose parents are Wisconsin residents, be income eligible and have a health or nutrition inescapably. In the state of Wisconsin, children are required to be tried and true twice for lead in blood with the first testing victorious place between 6-16 months of age and the second testing between 17-28 months.However deep down the DHS is the Wisconsin Division of Public health (DPH) which addresses three major lead hazard control programs namely the Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES) program, Asbestos and Lead Certification Unit and Wisconsin Healthy Homes and childishness Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. The ABLES program focus on monitoring laboratory base lead levels in blood of adults most collectible to occupational exposure while the Asbestos and Lead Unit program grants accreditation and certification programs for the Wisconsin DHS under the Chapter 254 Wisconsin statue training as well as standard guidelines required for abatement activities within the state. There is also the Wisconsin Healthy Homes and childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (WHHCLPPP) which makes possible resources such as technical, financial and consultations to abet stakeholders completely legislate and treat childhood lead poisoning living for Lead poisoning control programsIncreased pressure from the Wisconsin macrocosm lead to the macrocosm of a federal law called the Title X Residential Lead-based paint impale Reduction Act of 1992 with focus on the federal government taking a major role in lead poisoning prevention. This law requires that all housing programs have lead safety communicate in them. It also calls for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set up guidelines for lead safety to be executed by a well trained workforce and lastly it calls for all owners of private property to provide basic information with any possibilities of lead exposure hazards to home buyers or new tenants. It was not until 1991 when the CDC started funding lead poisoning preventions programs within the state of Wisconsin such as blood lead testing, managing serious cases as well as raising programs aimed at educating the public on the issue. This led to increase testing of Wisconsin children for lead poisoning with many new cases being identified an indication that many local anaesthetic health section within the state lacked sufficient re sources to facilitate follow-ups of lead poisoned cases or identify potential lead hazards in homes. These concerns and pressure from parents and other NGOs such as the March of Dimes and the Council of developmental Disabilities pushed the Wisconsin State general assembly to implement state laws by providing more resources to facilitateer facilitate the work of the Department of Health and Family Services (DHFS) and other local health departments to effectively response to lead poisoning prevention programs and develop a good reporting system for blood lead test results in children. This saw an increase in funding for local health departments from zero dollars to $1.2 million each year which subsequently decreased to $879,100 because of certain(p) cuts in the state budget. Wisconsin was amongst the 12 grantees in 1994 to receive a housing grant of $6 million to help fund projects aimed at arrested development lead hazards such as eliminating dust containing lead in old homes an d screening children living in these homes. The project was a huge succeeder as lead dust levels greatly reduced in homes and since and so many cities within the state namely Milwaukee, Kenosha and Sheboygan have submitted grant proposals and get competitive grant funds aimed at control lead hazards programs in high risk homes.In February of 2011, the metropolis of Milwaukee received a $4.5 million grants from the U.S department of Housing and Urban ripening to help fund a program aimed at controlling lead hazards in two areas namely the citys no(prenominal)th and South sides known to have a very high rate of childhood poisoning within the city covering over 900 city homes. The prevalence of lead poisoning in these areas peaked 7.1% cause a serious alarm to public health officials. In a press release on January 2011, the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) awarded over $127 million to some 48 projects nationally which focused on improving quality of lead pain t based low income homes that served as a health hazard to its occupants. This grant would help clean up lead paint based hazards in over 11000 homes, increase public awareness on the issue as well as train more personnel in lead safety practices. The following is a breakdown of the grants sacrifice ProgramFunding AwardedLead-Based Paint Hazard restrict distribute Program$66,600,000Healthy Homes Initiative funding$2,300,000Lead Hazard Reduction Demonstration Grant Program$48,000,000Healthy Homes Production Grant Program$10,000,000TOTAL $126,900,000WisconsinCity of Milwaukee Health DeptLHRD$4,500,000City of SheboyganLBPHC$1,528,296Wisconsin Dept. of Health ServicesHHP$1,000,000HHP Healthy Homes Production, LBPHC Lead Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program (includes Healthy Homes Initiative supplemental funding, as applicable), LHRD Lead Based Paint Hazard Reduction Demonstration Grant Program (Source HUD, 2011 HUD No. 11-004)Ongoing Lead-based paint control programsIn June 200 4 the Phase 1 of the Wisconsin Childhood elimination strategical Plan was completed and this plan was developed by a diverse group of experts from the health field, the housing departments, government agencies and other union groups with the aim of eliminating childhood lead poisoning by 2010. This strategic work plan focus on achieving four main goals by the creation of these subcommittees namelyEducation through which the general public pass on be aware of the problem within their community and how to protect children from lead exposure. Also parents and childcare providers would be educated about lead hazards through home visit. Policy makers and state legislators were to be educated on how much impact lead poisoning has in the community while addressing issues of inadvertence of the problem and what needs to be done to overcome some of this omission which could be potentially costly. Property owners and construction contractors would be educated and provided with opportuni ties to maintain old homes while ensuring a safe work environmentLead hazard correction in homes with emphasis on identifying and analyzing some of the risk factors associated with lead poisoning while focusing resources on homes that were built before the 1950s as they pose a high risk of lead exposure. This goal focused on enforcing home owners so they can even out possible lead hazards in their buildings and to ensure a strong community engagement on the problem, incentives were to be provided to home owners who comply with all these regulations. cover charge for lead poising in high risk groups through the provision of affluent funds to help identify and approximate children with risk of lead exposure as well as evaluate existing practices being performed by physicians and the barriers they may pose to families and healthcare providers in terms of providing blood lead screening to children. This goal also emphasized on the need for fail data sharing and quality reporting lik e the STELLAR or the Wisconsin Immunization Registry among partners within the community so that children who are at risk of lead exposure are identified and time-testedFunding through the allocation of and resources and making usable increased funding for lead hazard control in Wisconsin was a major priority. This funding would help local communities with high risk housing by investing in homes so that the financial burden of having to treat or manage children with lead poisoning will be less on the state.Phase 2 of the Wisconsin Elimination Plan is ongoing but in 2009 the sub committees in charge of Funding and Resources and Correcting Hazards in housing combined their efforts and all 3 existing committees now meet independently of the Implementation and oversight charge (IOC) and provide a progress report at each IOC brush which usually meets 3 times a years (January, May and September). These meetings are aimed at evaluating progress made so far and identifying some of the challenges set about in the execution of some of the existing programs as well as make recommendations to the IOC for effective and efficient implementation. The IOC is made up of partners from the Wisconsin Division of public health, local councils, State departments of Hygiene and administration, community health centers as well as insurance companies. Within the city of Milwaukee, over 40 employees are involved in lead based prevention programs which provide resources and services to identified children at risk if lead poisoning and those with lead poisoning as well as programs geared towards prevention of lead poisoning before it even happensHuge Financial burden of lead poisoning in its impact on the state of WisconsinThe negative burden of lead poisoning to the community is the huge medical expenses in treatment and way of the health problem, increased health care premiums and increase in Medicaid expenses. Since childhood Lead Poisoning (CLP) often results to attention diso rders and developmental delays (Canfield et al, 2003) in lead poisoned children, there is need for increased special education expenses for programs to help accommodate children with disabilities as well as programs to cope with juvenile delinquent lead poisoned children who are at high risk of dropping out from school and early teen pregnancies (Needleman, et al, 1990). It has been shown that most children who are poisoned by lead are thrice more likely to fail standardize test as well as being arrested for a criminal case as they transition into a young adult. Also, lead poisoned children at fourth run where three times more likely to fail their reading tests compared to those with very minute amounts of lead exposure (Miranda et al. 2007). The state spends an estimated $5 one million million in school aids to children including a $375 million to assist children with special needs and a $1 billion for children who need corrects with most of these cost is attributed to lead poiso ning. The number if children living in Wisconsin between the ages 0-6 is approximately 540,000 and if the state embarks on lead hazard control programs that aim at eliminating lead exposure in homes build pre 1950, it would save the state about $7 billion in discipline cost with an increase in earnings of over $21 billion based on an analysis that was conducted in vernal Jersey that analyzed cost nest egg such as direct medical cost, special education, crime and juvenile delinquency, low rates of high school graduation and cost to state government (Muennin et al., 2009). The recommendation from the Wisconsin Childhood Elimination Plan and the Implementation and Oversight Committee (IOC) suggested an annual enthronisation of $20 million would go a long way to provide resources to help control lead pain hazards in over 2,000 pre-1950 homes annually. The state would safe over $28 billion in savings if all children between the ages of 0-6 years were protected from lead hazards which will further help lead to an increase in the graduation rate of the state as well as crime reduction (Muennin et al., 2009)In the spring of 2010, a Joint Resolution 65 was passed and canonical by the Wisconsin State Legislature which called on the Implementation and Oversight Committee of the Wisconsin Childhood Lead Poisoning Elimination plan, a program within the Wisconsin Department of Health Services to provide report on the financial burden result from childhood lead poisoning been experienced through the states education and criminal nicety systems resulting from juvenile delinquent risk behaviors that most children with lead poisoning are at high risk at encountering at some stagecoach in their lives which will help policy makers and state officials make financial resources and other logistics available to address lead paint hazards as well as create a widespread community awareness ply program which makes loans available to home owners of house build pre 1950 thus cut lead hazard risk. This report was delivered to the State legislature on celestial latitude 30th of that year. This joint resolution gained several approval from state agencies such as Departments of Public Instruction, Children and Families, Corrections Division of Juvenile Correction, the Wisconsin Court scheme and State Prosecutors Office with the creation of a committee that helps gather applicable data which will help stakeholders within the state to better evaluate the cost due to lead poisoning and ways to completely eliminate lead hazards in homes. In a 2006 study, over 80,000 young children are estimated to be living in lead paint hazards in Wisconsin and if the state focuses more on protecting families from exposure, we would be saving over $40,000-50,000 for each under the age of six giving us a estimated savings of over $3.6 billion (Jacobs and Nevin, 2006).Lead Testing and describeTo increase blood lead testing coverage within the state of Wisconsin, four main Medicai d managed Care organizations teamed up with state and local WIC agencies in 2010 and together donated a quick three minute LeadCare II testing instrument approved by the CDC with the overall aim to improve on the blood lead testing levels in children at risk. These organizations also gave WIC staff access to the electronic reporting system that exists within the state as well as resources to follow up children who showed high levels of lead in blood. Within the city of Milwaukee, the WIC program is the only program that has got direct access to the STELLAR (State Blood-Lead Reporting System) and the WIR (Wisconsin Immunization Registry) and this enables them to enter data correctly which is required for state and federal reporting compliance. This system also helps WIC staff to easily identify children who have not been tested for blood lead and follow-up with them to get tested as well as follow up with cases that show elevated levels of lead in their blood. With the donation of 1 0 LeadCare II analyzers as well as 20 test kids in 2010 in all 10 WIC clinics within the state of Wisconsin, the program has witnessed over 41% increase in the number of WIC children tested for lead in blood in the city of Milwaukee. Children enrolled in the WIC program receive two rapid tests namely an exhort and blood lead test using a finger stick. Over 139 children in 2009 tested positive for high levels of lead in their blood samples giving a 300% increase in lead poisoning cases when compared to the previous 2 years due to the fact that most of the children living in high risk urban areas who were now being tested had previously been missed.Since 2006, Medicaid health care providers have received an annual Blood Lead Testing developed through collaboration with the Wisconsin Medicaid Program and the Wisconsin Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. The individualized reports summarize the blood lead testing data for children under age 6 within each providers practice. In addition providers received a list of untested children in their practice to facilitate follow-up to ensure these children get tested. It is normally required that children be tested for lead poisoning at ages 1 and 2 and since most of them are not tested at those early ages because of lack of follow-up, it is mandatory that they get at least a test between the ages of 3 to 5 years. For example in 2007, over 2,049 children with blood lead levels of greater than or equal to 10mcg/dL were identified within the state and almost two thirds of children eligible for the Medicaid program entering the Wisconsin school system that fall have not properly tested even though 88% of children eligible for Medicaid which covers blood lead poisoning were enrolled that year. (Data is from Individual Medicaid Providers for period of July 1, 2006 through June 30 2007 (SFY07)Collaborative PartnershipsThere are some NGOs within the state that are focused on raising awareness through community leadershi p on lead poisoning and one of them is the Milwaukees Hmong American Friendship Association (HAFA) through its Parents Against Lead (PAL) alliance. Its made up of neighbors, parents and other passionate individuals who have come together to collectively eliminate childhood lead poisoning. Being a great partner with city of Milwaukee Health Department, they have promoted lead abatement activities in families living in pre 1950 homes as well as amongst home owners on how to eliminate possible lead hazard within the city. Another community based group on the job(p) within the community is the Sherman Park Community Association (SPCA), a group of over 167 residents who come together during a cold Winter solar day and have breakfast with Santa Claus as a way to bring communities together and educate them on the work they do including a window liven up/replacement program with emphasis on lead based pain hazard.Advocacy and Public PoliciesThe presence of GIS Maps within each Wisconsin legislative govern identifying areas with Lead poisoning is now available and from this data no place within the state is free from lead poisoning with more cases in communities with old housing. As part of the Healthier People 2020 Public Health plan, the state of Wisconsin through the U.S Department of Health Services, EPA, HUD, Energy and the CDC came together during the 2011 bailiwick Healthy Homes Conference which brings partners, leaders and experts from the public and private sector to discuss on how to improving on housing conditions and making them safe from lead paint based hazard and environmentally sustainable. However, certain rules and number of statutes that arrange activities geared towards lead hazard control have been approved within the State and these rules protect residential areas, tenant/landlord agreements, drinking water facilities, lead hazard reduction and the manner in which blood lead results are reported. They include the Wisconsin statute Chapter 25 4 which lays emphasis on detection, treatment and response to lead hazards. In Wisconsin, a number of statutes and rules have been enacted to regulate activities having to do with hazards due to lead-based paint and include residential facilities, worker protection, landlord and tenant agreements, housing sales, lead hazard reduction, drinking water, reporting of blood lead test results and public health response to lead poisoning. There is the Wisconsin Statute Chapter 704 which outlines conditions in which tenants could fit without having to face any liabilities from health hazards such as lead. We have the Statue Chapter 709 which requires that owners of residential real estate make certain disclosures about their property. Amongst the administrative rules is the DHS 163 which requires people such as contractors to get certification for identification, removal and reduction of Lead-based paint which was amended in 2009 and the DHS 181 which allows for quality reporting of blood lead test results.Assessment Performance of Childhood Poisoning in WisconsinThe State department of Health and Services is charged with the collection, evaluation and sharing information concerning the relative incidence of lead poisoning in risk populations and communities while the local health departments within the state would maintain a local surveillance system that gives the population an idea of the prevalence and trends of testing and making this information available to the state Department of Public health and other stakeholders. A tracking system to effectively monitor children at risk and those with very high blood levels would be maintained and made available to the department of Health and Family Services (DHFS) through the WCLPPP. The local health departments trough the support of state agencies of Public health would develop protocols and procedures to better monitor the screening of children at risk of lead poisoning and well as provide clinical and educational r esources for better programming and reportingLead Prevention and ControlLead poisoning is preventable if the necessary precautions are well well-thought-of one of which is the lead abatement of homes. The primary way to protect Wisconsin children from lead exposure is by stabilizing all cracked, deteriorating, peeled or flaking paint in old homes, replacing very old windows, fixing roofs with and other leaks, while making sure that the window sills and floors remain smooth thusly eliminating major sources of lead exposure. Other precautionary measures include re-painting on indoor surfaces with no friction such as ceiling, walls but surfaces that are fictile to friction or bad weather should not be repainted. tout ensemble the above precautions are carried out through a process called Lead abatement which refers to any action by and individual (a certified lead abatement contractor), the state or a company to effective asperse lead exposure by permanently eliminating or removing lead-based paint or dust lead hazards or any possible lead containing reject or surface in response to orders from the state or the local council. The Milwaukee Health Department is charged with giving orders so that homes identified within the community to be at risk of lead exposure are lead abated and this requires either voluntary consent from the owner of the property or through a Court order in case the home owner doesnt comply with orders from the Health department to allow his property to be abated.ConclusionDespite the huge progress in reducing childhood lead poisoning rate within the city of Milwaukee, the number of children been identified with lead poisoning is still on the rise within the state and it has surpass the national average. In 2009, the state prevalence of lead poisoning was 1.5 and in Milwaukee alone, of all the children tested for lead poisoning 4.4% of them had blood lead levels greater than 10ug/dl. More work is needed in this fight despite the progress mad

Applications of Ultrasound in Medicine

Applications of ultrasonography in MedicineAB Assessment Using WavesIntroduction ultrasonography is a sound waver with an oscillating pressure wave with frequencies ranging from 20 kHz until approximately 200 MHz. These frequencies ar non audible to humans. inaudible devices atomic number 18 applyd to detect objects and measure the distance between them. ultrasonography has been more frequently used in checkup imaging displaying the forbearing an object in their organic structure or just generally tone at their form. ultrasound seemingly is becoming commonplace imputable to it not emitting any beam of lights unlike X-Rays. 6Uses of ultrasoundechography is used in the medical department as a means of imaging, enabling medical cater to facial expression the patients body without any major problems. The most common use of sonography in the medical department is its use in what is called an ultrasonography scan. This is used to project a moving image of a fetus insi de a pregnant womans body. An example of this can be seen on the left. ultrasound is not only used to detect unborn fetuses and also view several organs in the body through prenatal scanning The same system used for an ultrasonography scan. Since echography easily reflect off soft tissue, gel ask to be added to the part of the body where the scan is going to be conducted. A transducer is so used to generate the ultrasound waves and detect any echoes it receives from the reflected waves. During the dish up of scanning the waves also erode pieces of gallstone which reside within our organs, with their eonian vibrations.6712Another use of ultrasonography is echo sounding. This is used by the tonus control industry to detect flaws in pieces of metallic element. As an ultrasound wave is being passed through the metal, it ordain r apiece the defect area in the metal and the reflected wave that came of the defect area will be standard by the transducer that emitted the wave. If in that respect is more than one reflected wave it means the metal is defect. 7121315Ultrasound waves can be used by the industry for cleaning.12 The waves are sent through a fluid and bubbles formed from the vibration of the ultrasound remove dirt from an object. The object which is placed in water or another solvent has fluid collapse into the gap left commode from the solvent. The bubbles then move rapidly, removing the dirt and resulting in a transcending standard of cleanliness.1215Dangers and RisksThe dangers of Ultrasound are considerably low compared to other waves. Even though there is no major threat in using ultrasound it does accommodate its risks which could harm the user.Excessive exposure to ultrasound waves of 120dB can hold in to earshot loss. 6Excessive exposure of ultrasound waves at 155dB will commence cavitation high temperature up the users body cells. 6Excessive exposure to ultrasound waves of 180dB may lead to death. 6Cavitation may cause the users cell s to heat up and invoke toxic reactions. 23 counterchange in cells may cause Intestinal bleeding. 23Damage to fetuss brain may lead to left handedness. 23Prenatal scans may cause early labour, premature birth, miscarriage and perinatal deaths. 23Possible disabilities formed are epilepsy, dyslexia and delayed speech development. 23Ultrasound in physiotherapyThe aim of physiotherapy is to help restore movement and normal body function in cases of illness, injury and disability.. 1 Physiotherapy tries to cure dis adaptedd body functions from affected people. Ultrasound has found its way into this world, bringing its useful treatment methods with it. Its used to treat deep tissue injuries, reduce pain from spasms as wells as inflammation and swellings, increase tissue extensibility, speed up metabolism, reduce nerve irritation, enhance drug delivery and speed up healing. Ultrasound stimulates the blood circulation and the activity of cells to assist in the therapeutics. 1 3 The ultras ound frequency that is used for physiotherapy ranges between 0.7 and 3 MHz. 5 Gel is applied to the patients body to reduce friction with the transducer and aid the transmission of ultrasound waves. The waves are absorbed by ligaments, tendons and fascia and the therapeutics affect apply. 5Advantages and Disadvantages fixsSocial come toHospitalized childbirth has gained a sudden rise since the 20th century. This is due to the improved hospital engineering science and successful childbirth probability. 16 Since ultrasound has been part of the hospitals technology, mothers have wanted to view a fetal scanning of their unborn child. This has been done multiple times, but society keeps questioning if ultrasound scanning is safe. The fact of being able to view your unborn child provides ultrasound a plus head up to its beneficial use. It allowed parents to find out the gender of their child onwards delivery and detect any abnormalities that may occur during pregnancy. 16Moral Impact The use of ultrasound in prenatal scanning seems to be that it affects the family between mother and fetus. The cultural conversation is gone and what remains is communication through a computer screen displaying the fetus. The mother will then use what she sees instead of relying on her embodied knowledge. 17 Ultrasound brings imbalance to the object lesson standing of the victim through injurious damage to the victim. This raises the moral ken of fetuses and if they should be exposed to the waves emitted, which can bring injurious damage. But this will then degrade the mothers moral standing as she also becomes a victim of the injurious damage ultrasound can bring. 17Ethical ImpactUltrasound has been most commonly known for determining the gender of the fetus. Ultrasound is a cheap resource since all you need is a transducer and soulfulness who can operate the device. In countries like China and India, parents exploit this method by checking the gender of their child and then deciding to abort it due to the countries preference of males. 18 In india there are 250,000 female feticide abortions each year. The government has been trying to motivate people into valuing female fetuses but the economical and Social impacts have lead to the occurrence of this honourable issue. 18ConclusionUltrasound is a secure soundwave with a minor probability of great risks. Ultrasound has been proven to be beneficial and useful in most industries and is popular in the medical industry. Its a method used in physiotherapy to speed up healing and to improve the overall therapeutics. Although it has tell advantages and disadvantages, and is not worth recommending it should not discourage anyone from using ultrasound waves.Bibliography1 Physiotherapy How It track downs . Physiotherapy. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 may 2014. http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Physiotherapy/Pages/How-does-it-work.aspx.2 Rheumatology. Therapeutic Ultrasound in comfortable Tissue Lesions. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 M ay 2014. http//rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/12/1331.full.3 Ultrasound in Physiotherapy. Ultrasound in Physiotherapy. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.greatlakes-physiotherapy.com/physiotherapy-ultrasound.html.4 Does Ultrasound Work? SaveYourselfca RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//saveyourself.ca/articles/ultrasound.php.5 Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_ultrasoundPhysical_therapy.6 Ultrasound. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound.7 Ultrasound. mutter My Exams. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/ultrasound.html.8 BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gateway_pre_2011/radiation/ultrasoundrev2.shtml.9 BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_aqa/medical_applications_physics/ultrasound/revision/1/.10 BBC News . BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/waves/soundultrasoundandseismicwavesrev2.shtml.11 BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/radiation/ultrasoundrev3.shtml.12 Ultrasound. Ultrasound. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/waves/ultrasound.htm.13 What Is Fetal Imaging and Pre-Natal Scanning? What Are the Uses of Ultrasound? N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.gcsescience.com/pwav14.htm.14 Uses of Sound Waves. GCSE Physics Uses of Waves revision. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/physics/uses-of-waves/revise-it/uses-of-sound-waves.15 Ultrasound. Revision World. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.revisionworld.com/gcse-revision/physics/waves/ultrasound.16 Ultrasound Technology and Its Social Impact. hayseed Contributor Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//voices.yahoo.com/ultrasound-technology-its-social-im pact-6812902.html.17 Ultrasounds Risk Reproductive Autonomy and epistemological Moral Injury.emailprotected. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//ir.lib.uwo.ca/iaph/June27/Presentations/5/.18 Female Feticide ethical Issues of Ultrasound in India and China. Why Is American Health Care so Expensive? N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//whyisamericanhealthcaresoexpensive.blogspot.co.at/2013/03/female-feticide-ethical-issues-of.html.19 BCF Technology. Economic Benefits of Ultrasound. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.international.bcftechnology.com/ accomplishment/farm-animal/clinical-resources/economic-benefits-of-ultrasound20 Benefits of the Use of Ultrasound in Physical Therapy. LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 7 July 2010. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.livestrong.com/article/172706-benefits-of-the-use-of-ultrasound-in-physical-therapy/.21 Ultrasound Therapy. For Treatment of Sports Injuries. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/treatments-therapies/electrotherapy/ ultrasound-therapy.22 Powers, Julie. Risks From Ultrasound Therapy. EHow. aim Media, 29 Oct. 2009. Web. 7 May 2014. http//www.ehow.com/about_5589797_risks-ultrasound-therapy.html.23 Hall, Harriet. Are Prenatal Ultrasounds Dangerous? Science-Based Medicine. N.p., 30 Aug. 2011. Web. 9 May 2014. http//www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/are-prenatal-ultrasounds-dangerous/.

The Evolutionary Aspects Of Fear Psychology Essay

The evolutionary Aspects Of business organization Psychology EssayThis paper presents an exclusive discourse of what is cognise about the biological introduction of timidity. In presenting this discussion, the paper shall explore the principal(prenominal) concepts relating to the biology behind upkeep in earthly concern with the main ideas be the definition of worry, the evolutionary aspects of revere, as well as the feelingal re breakee of the head word in the event of precaution or solicitude. The paper shall besides present an analysis that searchs to establish caution and anxiety as analogous rather than two contrasting concepts as debated by many. In the discussion on the biological basis of fear, the study shall include biological usher relating to the specific parts of the human brain that do and controvert to fear. approachIt is sakiing how humans react to fear, especially the bodily changes that take dimension in the event of an activity or aboutt hing that triggers fear. Humans respond to fear in different ways, and their bodies react to unexpected situations of fear almost blink of an eyely. In response to fear, human bodies exhibit increased arousal, autonomic and neuroendocrinal activation and straightaway expectancy among otherwise spontaneous reactions. It is even surprising that fear triggers some emotional reaction in humans based on new studies by psychologists. An interesting revelation fit in to empirical studies on emotions under the field of biology point to the fact that emotions atomic number 18 not only feelings as evolutionary studies would want us to believe. Emotions in human beings are accompanied by physiological and behavioural variations (Davidson, 2000). A widely accept perception of emotions today touches on the fundamental ideology that humans consume it away emotions in three different but interrelated levels the behavioural level, the neurophysiological level and the psychological or met al level. Based on illation that emotions have a close relation to fear in monetary value of the mental or psychological pass on, it is possible to use such selective cultivation to build upon the biological basis of fear (Walker, 2002). The consequence of predisposing factors that trigger emotions to a fault prevail to instil fear in human beings and this paper shall seek to unravel the biological basis of fear in terms of psychological and behavioural responses relating to biology.What is fear?Fear is a motivational state triggered by specific stimuli that allow in or escapism defensive behaviour. Enthologists believe that fear is an unpleasant emotion that comes about as a result of the perception that some dust or something dangerous is likely to happen. This unpleasant emotion triggers a form of defence mechanism that results in escape or counter behaviours. In terms of biology, a couple of neuoroendocrinal activations that are normally automatic mostly typify fear. This is essential in explaining the sudden escape of a person at the sight of a scary carnal that triggers immediate activations in the brain (Strongman, 1996). This effective defence mechanism triggered by a stimulus instils fear. In this context, such instantaneous reactions to fear assist coping mechanisms used by the body to respond to cases of fear.The evolutionary aspects of fearThe evolutionary aspects of fear mainly relate to emotional responses. Fear is a factor of de-escalating tactic interceded by the emotional (paleomammalian) part of the fore brain. As man and other animals evolved millions of years ago, they adapted differently to fear. During the evolutionary period, divers(prenominal) types of fear characterized the universe and were responded to by animals and humans in dissimilar ways. Scientists cerebrate that the adaptations developed by humans during this period explain the response and reactions of humans towards fear (Strongman, 1996). However, a couple of fear such as the fear of height is common to all mammals because of the adaptations developed during the Mesozoic era. The fear of snakes and other dangerous reptiles came into existence during the Cenozoic era and is common to all high primates including humans and apes. However, others such as the fear of insects and mice developed in the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods are unique to humans. During these periods, insects and mice became popular carriers of dangerous infections and diseases, which resulted in different adaptive measures by humans. Such fears are still common today (Iijima, et al., 1996).The emotional brainThe emotional aspect of the brain occurs at three levels the behavioural level, the neurophysiological level and the psychological or metal level. Theories of emotion touching on the brain reveal that bodily changes tend to follow taperly the perception of existing facts and human feelings of the same changes according to the occurrence of the emotion. In oth er words, the stimulus that reaches the cerebral cortex part of the brain provokes intuitive changes, which are perceived as emotions. Other studies have advanced(a) that the thalamus is greatly involved in the neuropsychological matter of the brain because such matters are subcortical in nature. A biological history on the emotional brain is that a stimulus from the environment triggers the thalamus, which transmits development from to the viscera and cortex, and back again to the cortex to engender an emotional state (Gray McNaughton, 2000).Specific parts of the brain that work together to trigger reactions to fear stimuliAmygdalaThe amygdala is part of the brain structure where a bulk of neurobiological events related to fear occurs. It is located just behind the pituitary gland and respond in different ways to fear stimuli. either fear stimulus activates the Amygdala to secrete a series of hormones that presently influence aggression and fear (Vianna, 2003). As the par ade of secreting such hormones into the body begins, the Amygdala prompts the body into a state of awareness and alertness, which trigger instant response from other muscles in the legs and hand to get ready for take-off or a fight. As the essential component of the limbic system, the amygdala is faultfinding in preparing the body to respond or react to fear by secreting hormones at the trigger of a fear stimulus (Borod, 2000). It integrates rapid and direct thalamic inputs that transmit a fear stimulus and imitates a cognitive process that prepares the body to respond or react to the threat.HippocampusThe genus Hippocampus is touted as the central structure in the brain that engages in processing contextual learning necessary to fear learn. Situated just next to the amygdala and connected to it by the subiculum and entorhinal cortex, the hippocampuss main functions is to condition fear into contextual info. The hippocampus conditions fear in circumstances that involve interwov en polymodal events by receiving impulses from the amygdala and integrating such impulses with prior information to shake up meaningful reactions that respond to fear (Davidson, 2000).HypothalamusThe hypothalamus plays a crucial role as far as fear response is concerned. It is responsible for controlling tense up reactions and other body processes including emotions and moods. Through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HTPA axis), the hypothalamus controls the limbic, pituitary, adrenal and genadotropic aspects of the body. A fear stimulus sends LC (locus ceruleus) neurons to the hypothalamus, which activates the HTPA axis that triggers the stress response linked to fear (Lewis Haviland-Jones, 2000). The tie-up between the hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala act to activate the HTPA axis to respond to a fear stimulus. The hypothalamus receives afferent information from the lateral part of the amygdala, processes the information and relays to the central nucleus, which then projects it to various parts of the brain that respond and react to fear. Fear stimulus impulses relayed by various neurons activate the sympathetic neuronic system, as well as the modulating system of the HTPA axis. This triggers a run or attack response, better known as a fight or flight response mechanism (Hyman, et al., 1999).Sensory cortexThe sensory cortex is an essential component of the fear response mechanism. Immediate sensory data from fear stimulus collects in the thalamus part of the brain. After the collection of the sensory data, the sensory cortex obtains the data from the thalamus, interprets it and organizes the sensory data for dissemination to the amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus (Hirsh, 2004).ThalamusThe thalamus also plays a critical role in fear response. The thalamus essentially acts as a collection center, which gathers and collects information from essential sensory organs such as the ears, eyes and mouth. After collecting the sensory informati on from such organs, the thalamus has the capacity to determine where to send such information for processing. A fear stimulus from the eyes, hands or mouth sends sensory information through neurons to the thalamus, which collects and sends the information to the appropriate response organs for processing (Lewis Haviland-Jones, 2000).Fear conditioning explains the behavioural archetype displayed by organisms and their capacity to learn to respond to or predict fearful or threatening events. Fear conditioning explains why some people fear dogs to the extent that they become befuddled at the sight of this monster. It is believed to depend upon the amygdala and the hippocampus in cases of contextual fear conditioning. Fear conditioning also explains the neurobiology of fear because touches on the essential components of the brain including the thalamus, the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, the amygdala and the sensory cortex (Lewis Haviland-Jones, 2000). in vogue(p) research find ings point to the fact that researchers are beginning to develop interest on the neurological processes that trigger fear response mechanisms.ConclusionThe biological basis of fear can be explained by the evolutionary concepts of anxiety and emotions and adaptations of human beings to different stimuli. However, empirical research findings have established a basis for explaining the biology of fear through the human mind the structures such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus and the sensory cortex. The outcome of predisposing factors that trigger emotions tend to inculcate fear in human beings as discussed in this paper. The biological basis of fear in terms of psychological and behavioural responses relates to emotion and anxiety, which is an advanced form of fear. Further research should be directed to the neurochemical processes that occur in the brain and the chemical components involved in response to fear.

Bilingual Education :: essays research papers

cypher being brought up in a family speaking only wizard linguistic process for your entire life and then you had to move to a foreign land where the language is different. If you had a choice of progressively learning this modern language over the course of six to nine years or being put into a classroom and watch to virtually watch yourself the language by listening to others around you which would you choose? Late qualifying multilingual reproduction is a more effective form of bilingual tuition comp ared to the side of meat preoccupation form of bilingual education in the fact that there are more benefits and less adverse effects. thither are many reasons why late pass away bilingual education should be the choice of public schools everywhere with high minority populations. whizz of the effects of late exit bilingual education is that the students would be up to(p) to maintain their cultural background instead of having to ingest up cardinal or the other. Lang uage is a big part of a soul&8217s culture. Late exit bilingual education gives the non- position speaking students more time to master the English language which is not an easy language to learn in three years as the English immersion strategy teaches. The findings of the Ramirez team in 1991 evaluating the effectiveness of English immersion, early exit bilingual education, and late exit bilingual education further heighten why late exit bilingual education is the one that necessitate to be used. To look at why keeping one&8217s culture is important one just unavoidably to look at how and why this country was founded. The first Americans from England came here so they wouldn&8217t have to conform to everything the rulers of England wanted. Immigrants founded this country. One of the greatest things about the United States is that there are so many different types of cultures everywhere you look. It is true that one needs to learn the English language to be successful, but forci ng one to give up his or her cultural background is going against everything this country stands for. English immersion does just that by forcing the student to give up his or her cultural background and language (Faltis 191). Late exit bilingual education allows the child to progress effectively through the educational system with the counseling given in English to the extent to make this possible (Schneider, 1976, p. 128.). To throw off a student into a classroom that speaks a language that is not familiar to them and forcing them to adjust in three years like English immersion does is not fair to the student.

Religion, Poverty and Wealth Essay examples -- Poverty Essays

Religion, poverty and Wealth Poverty is now a problem on a global scale, and Hinduism has needed, and exit continue to need, to undertake an ongoing state of change and adaptation. Many of the beliefs Hindus held solo a couple of centuries ago have been altered or tear down removed altogether. The globalisation of Hinduism, bringing it into contact with a wide operate of other cultures and religions, has influenced this a lot. Hinduism, however, is full of variations itself, so what is said of Hinduism may be true for some Hindus, and false for others. Hinduism is less a religion, than a culture, and bureau of life. This way of life affects how they view poverty and wealth, and what there reactions to it are, as sketch below. Unlike many other societies, where the caste system is based on power or wealth, thus giving the sorryest the least power, Hinduism has four place castes, which a member belongs to by birth. These groups are called varnas, and each has its own make of rules and duties to live by, known as dharma. Too much inter-varna mixing, especially intermarriage, is powerfully disapproved of. The first, and highest varna is that of a Brahmin-priests, teachers, and wisemen. The next is Kshatriya-warriors, rulers, and leaders. The third is Vaishya-traders, merchants, agriculture, and other work involved with commerce. The final, and utmost varna is Sudra-manual labour and overhaul. In many societies, the difference between the high and the low, in terms of social status, has caused great troubles, due to discontentment of the poor and imperfect to continue living like they are. In Hinduism, however, this problem is avoided, by the address o... ... many Hindus to make a small donation to the poor, and will set apart erstwhile(a) clothes or shoes away, rather than throwing them out. MK Gandhi changed many old Hindu beliefs with his teachings. He taught that it is wrong to think that a poor psyche is only getting what they deserve. He believed that everyone was a part of God, and people should complete that they share the same world and should care for one another. He taught that service to others was the best way to find God and comprehend fully the military man condition. This had a profound effect on the treatment of the poor in India today. There are many charities set up for helping the poor in India, such as the Hindu Mission Hospital and prison Fellowship India. These receive many donations from many Hindus-even those overseas will oft send back money to help the poor.

The Turkish Pogrom of 1955 and the Elimination of the Greek Minority of

The Reconstitution of Turkish Pogrom The chronology of the pogrom falls in a gravely period, when the Cyprus issue had caused difficulties in the political relations of Greece, Turkey and England. It is considered that Hikmet Bill the owner of the Turkish journal Hurriyet and Ahmet Emin Yalmas the owner of Vatan received a large standard of money in order to create the political atmosphere of the pogrom from British sources. By July 1955, the Turkish press and some organizations such as TheCyprus is Turkish, the National Federation of Turkish Students and the National Union of Turkish Students form mass demonstrations against the Greek minority of Istanbul and the Ecumenical Patriarchate (Vryonis 2005). Nowadays, most Greeks and Turks argon unaware of the fact that on the night of kinsfolk 6, until the early hours of folk 7, 1955 the Adnan Menderes government and the Turkish Intelligence Service carried out the most soul-destroying pogrom in Europe since the well-known Kryst allnacht on the eve of the Second ball War. In addition, they do not know that this pogrom damaged, and in many cases destruct several accommodates, businesses, churches and institutions and that this had as a result, the elimination of the Greek minority, the oldest historical residential area of Turkey (Vryonis 2005). On the afternoon of September 6th 1955, a piano tuner station in Ankara reported that a bomb set off at a lower place mysterious circumstances in the courtyard of Kemal Atatrks house in Thessaloniki, causing minor damages. The reports did not produce any reply at first. However, a few hours later the Turkish journal Istanbul declaim circulated an extra edition. According to the newspaper, the birthplace of Kemal Atatrk in Thessaloniki had been bombed. ... ...were wilful violation of their worship (Vryonis 2005). In spite of this, the Greek minority of Istanbul was still possessed by an intense sense of insecurity, which has as a result, the flee of hundre ds of families from their birthplaces to Greece, threatening to come down the community as a whole. Additionally, a set out from the Greek minority the Pogrom of 6-7 September delivered a severe blow to Turkish economy. Street markets in Istanbul, which were under the control of Greek merchants, covering the basic needs of the citizens of the most inhabited city of Turkey. Therefore, the partial destruction brought about the impoverishment to the greater part of the Turkish population, leading to significant shortages of basic goods and a rapid origin in prices. The painful condition of Turkish economy would play a significant role in the issue of payment of compensation.

When Small Worlds Collide :: essays research papers

When Small Worlds CollideThe industrial Revolution provided well-defined boundaries between communities, companies, nation-states, markets, and peoples established by the invention of the railroad. The impertinent era of globalization or Informational Revolution dismantles down all of these boundaries and shapes our lives by integrating technology, finance, and information into a single global market. E-Commerce globalization has created a system that is shaped by superpowers, supermarkets, and super-empowered individuals. This new Globalization is a super complex and interconnected international system of small military mans uniting companionship ultimately leading to the end cultural wars and ways. The Lexus is what each one and agricultural wants, only what is the price?Cultural GenesBiologists generally agree that the primary cast behind evolution in humankinds is natural selection. With each generation the chromosomes and genes of the p bents are scrambled to produce n ew mixes . The genetic evolution is gibe to the cultural evolution. They are linked and the mind is that linkage. However, there is a bourne between knowledge for the mind and culture. This is not a territorial line, but a broad, unexplored terrain awaiting entry from both sides. Technology is the tool that enters this terrain. Thus, the communal mind created by culture, which is a product of the genetically structured human brain, can now be exposed to all cultures, societies, and ideas. Some of them are Lexus while others are Olive Trees. Everyone can have the same Lexus thus far there is only one unique Olive Tree. Identity Crisis fewer things are more enraging to people than to have their individuality or their hotshot of root stripped away. Because without a sense of home and belonging breedingspan becomes barren and rootless. And life as a tumbleweed is no life at all. Olive trees...represent everything that root us, anchors us, identifies us and locates us in this wo rld. states Thomas L. Freidman. The underlying message here is fear. Our fear of the unknown, our fear that home will no long be, and our fear of not surviving. The Cold struggle spawned treaties to protect our Olive Tree from fear of our enemies. Now, the deal becomes the protection from our competitors. just now the biggest fear is not from another olive tree, nor the Lexus. It is from the standardizing market forces and technologies of today, which tend to break down communities, steam-roll environments and crowd out traditions. This leads us to a loss of identity which in turn can create a crisis.